This is one of the first times PSD2 has been used to directly compete with card networks for this type of payment. “Requiring authentication every time a customer makes a €2 parking payment is not competitive, so service providers stick to cards, but there’s a downside. This infrastructure operates in the background just like a card network, and the end user experience is the same as that of using a payment card. Our focus from the very beginning was to build infrastructure using open banking to take on the card networks where they are traditionally strong. We will be targeting areas where card networks are traditionally strongest, including point of sale payments in physical stores.”